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CONTENTS
Title Page
Copyright Page
Preface
Part I Developing BASIC Programs on OpenVMS Systems
1 Overview of the BASIC Language
2 Developing VAX BASIC Programs in the BASIC Environment
2.1 Entering the Environment
2.2 Creating and Running Programs
2.3 Immediate Mode
2.4 Debugging in Immediate Mode
2.5 Compiler Commands
2.5.1 Entering Comments
2.5.2 Entering DCL Commands
2.5.2.1 APPEND Command
2.5.2.2 ASSIGN Command
2.5.2.3 COMPILE Command
2.5.2.4 CONTINUE Command
2.5.2.5 DELETE Command
2.5.2.6 EDIT Command
2.5.3 EXIT Command
2.5.4 HELP Command
2.5.4.1 IDENTIFY Command
2.5.4.2 LIST and LISTNH Commands
2.5.4.3 LOAD Command
2.5.4.4 LOCK Command
2.5.4.5 NEW Command
2.5.4.6 OLD Command
2.5.4.7 RENAME Command
2.5.4.8 REPLACE Command
2.5.4.9 RESEQUENCE Command
2.5.4.10 RUN and RUNNH Commands
2.5.4.11 SAVE Command
2.5.4.12 SCALE Command
2.5.4.13 SCRATCH Command
2.5.4.14 SEQUENCE Command
2.5.4.15 SET Command
2.5.4.16 SHOW Command
2.5.4.17 UNSAVE Command
3 Developing BASIC Programs at the DCL Command Level
3.1 Compiling a BASIC Program
3.1.1 BASIC Command
3.1.2 BASIC Command Qualifiers
3.1.3 Compiler Listings
3.2 Linking a BASIC Program
3.2.1 LINK Command
3.2.2 LINK Command Qualifiers
3.2.3 Linker Input Files
3.2.4 Linker Output Files
3.2.5 Using an Object Module Library
3.2.6 Linker Error Messages
3.3 Running a BASIC Program
4 Using the OpenVMS Debugger with BASIC
4.1 Overview of the Debugger
4.2 Compiling and Linking to Prepare for Debugging
4.3 Viewing Your Source Code
4.3.1 Noscreen Mode
4.3.2 Screen Mode
4.4 Controlling and Monitoring Program Execution
4.4.1 Starting and Resuming Program Execution
4.4.2 Determining the Current Location of the Program Counter
4.4.3 Suspending Program Execution
4.4.4 Tracing Program Execution
4.4.5 Monitoring Changes in Variables
4.5 Examining and Manipulating Data
4.5.1 Displaying the Values of Variables
4.5.2 Changing the Values of Variables
4.5.3 Evaluating Expressions
4.6 Stepping Into BASIC Routines
4.6.1 Controlling Symbol References
4.7 A Sample Debugging Session
Part II BASIC Programming Concepts
5 BASIC Concepts and Elements
5.1 Line Numbers
5.1.1 Programs with Line Numbers
5.1.2 Programs without Line Numbers
5.1.3 Labels
5.1.4 Continuation of Long Program Statements
5.2 Identifying Program Units
5.3 BASIC Character Set
5.4 Program Documentation
5.5 Declarations and Data Types
5.5.1 Implicit Data Typing
5.5.2 Explicit Data Typing
5.6 Constants
5.7 Variables
5.7.1 Floating-Point Variables
5.7.2 Integer Variables
5.7.3 Packed Decimal Variables
5.7.4 String Variables
5.7.5 Subscripted Variables
5.7.6 Initialization of Variables
5.8 Keywords and Reserved Words
5.9 Operands, Operators, and Expressions
5.10 Assignment Statements
6 Simple Input and Output
6.1 Program Input
6.1.1 Providing Input Interactively
6.1.1.1 INPUT Statement
6.1.1.2 INPUT LINE and LINPUT Statements
6.1.1.3 Enabling and Disabling the Question Mark Prompt
6.1.2 Providing Input from the Source Program
6.1.2.1 READ and DATA Statements
6.1.2.2 RESTORE Statement
6.2 Program Output
6.2.1 Print Zones-The Comma and the Semicolon
6.2.2 Output Format for Numbers and Strings
6.3 Terminal-Format Files
6.3.1 Opening and Closing a Terminal-Format File
6.3.2 Writing Records to a Terminal-Format File
7 Arrays
7.1 Overview of Arrays
7.2 Creating Arrays Explicitly
7.2.1 Creating Arrays with the DECLARE Statement
7.2.2 Creating Arrays with the DIM Statement
7.2.2.1 Declarative DIM Statements
7.2.2.2 Executable DIM Statements
7.2.3 Creating Arrays with the COMMON Statement
7.2.4 Creating Arrays with the MAP Statement
7.3 Creating Arrays Implicitly
7.4 Determining the Bounds of an Array
7.5 Assigning and Displaying Array Values
7.5.1 Assigning Values with the LET Statement
7.5.2 Listing Array Elements with the PRINT Statement
7.6 Using MAT Statements
7.6.1 MAT Statement
7.6.2 MAT READ Statement
7.6.3 MAT INPUT [#] Statement
7.6.4 MAT LINPUT [#] Statement
7.6.5 MAT PRINT [#] Statement
7.6.6 Matrix I/O Functions (NUM and NUM2)
7.7 Matrix Operators
7.7.1 Arithmetic Matrix Operations
7.7.1.1 Assignment
7.7.1.2 Addition and Subtraction
7.7.1.3 Multiplication
7.7.2 Matrix Functions
7.7.2.1 TRN Function
7.7.2.2 INV Function
7.7.2.3 DET Function
8 Data Definition
8.1 Declarative Statements
8.2 Data Types
8.3 Setting the Default Data Type and Size
8.4 Declaring Variables
8.5 Declaring Named Constants
8.6 Operations with Multiple Data Types
8.7 Allocating Static Storage
8.7.1 COMMON Statement
8.7.2 MAP Statement
8.7.2.1 Single Maps
8.7.2.2 Multiple Maps
8.7.3 FILL Items
8.7.4 Using COMMON and MAP Statements in Subprograms
8.8 Dynamic Mapping
9 Creating and Using Data Structures
9.1 RECORD Statement
9.1.1 Grouping RECORD Components
9.1.2 RECORD Variants
9.1.3 Accessing RECORD Components
10 Program Control
10.1 Statement Modifiers
10.1.1 IF Modifier
10.1.2 UNLESS Modifier
10.1.3 FOR Modifier
10.1.4 UNTIL Modifier
10.1.5 WHILE Modifier
10.1.6 Nesting Modifiers
10.2 Loops
10.2.1 FOR...NEXT Loops
10.2.2 WHILE...NEXT Loops
10.2.3 UNTIL...NEXT Loops
10.2.4 Nesting Loops
10.3 Unconditional Branching (GOTO Statement)
10.4 Conditional Branching
10.4.1 ON...GOTO...OTHERWISE Statement
10.4.2 IF...THEN...ELSE Statement
10.4.3 SELECT...CASE Statement
10.5 EXIT and ITERATE Statements
10.6 Executing Local Subroutines
10.6.1 GOSUB and RETURN Statements
10.6.2 ON...GOSUB...OTHERWISE Statement
10.7 Suspending and Halting Program Execution
10.7.1 SLEEP Statement
10.7.2 WAIT Statement
10.7.3 STOP Statement
10.7.4 END Statement
11 Functions
11.1 Built-In Functions
11.1.1 Numeric Functions
11.1.1.1 ABS Function
11.1.1.2 INT and FIX Functions
11.1.1.3 SIN, COS, and TAN Functions
11.1.1.4 LOG10 Function
11.1.1.5 EXP Function
11.1.1.6 RND Function
11.1.2 Data Conversion Functions
11.1.2.1 ASCII Function
11.1.2.2 CHR$ Function
11.1.3 String Numeric Functions
11.1.3.1 FORMAT$ Function
11.1.3.2 NUM$ and NUM1$ Functions
11.1.3.3 VAL% and VAL Functions
11.1.4 String Arithmetic Functions
11.1.4.1 SUM$ and DIF$ Functions
11.1.4.2 QUO$, PLACE$, and PROD$ Functions
11.1.5 Date and Time Functions
11.1.5.1 DATE$ Function
11.1.5.2 TIME$ Function
11.1.5.3 TIME Function
11.1.6 Terminal Control Functions
11.1.6.1 CTRLC and RCTRLC Functions
11.1.6.2 ECHO and NOECHO Functions
11.1.6.3 INKEY$ Function
11.2 User-Defined Functions
11.2.1 Single-Line DEF Functions
11.2.2 Multiline DEF Functions
12 String Handling
12.1 Overview of Strings
12.2 Using Dynamic Strings
12.3 Using Fixed-Length Strings
12.4 Using String Virtual Arrays
12.5 Assigning String Data
12.5.1 LET Statement
12.5.2 LSET Statement
12.5.3 RSET Statement
12.5.4 MID$ Assignment Statement
12.6 Manipulating String Data with String Functions
12.6.1 LEN Function
12.6.2 POS Function
12.6.3 SEG$ Function
12.6.4 MID$ Function
12.6.5 STRING$ Function
12.6.6 SPACE$ Function
12.6.7 TRM$ Function
12.6.8 EDIT$ Function
12.7 Manipulating String Data with Multiple Maps
13 Program Segmentation
13.1 BASIC Subprograms
13.1.1 SUB Subprograms
13.1.2 FUNCTION Subprograms
13.2 Declaring Subprograms and Parameters
13.3 Compiling Subprograms
13.4 Invoking Subprograms
13.4.1 Invoking SUB Subprograms
13.4.2 Invoking FUNCTION Subprograms
13.5 Returning Program Status
14 File Input and Output
14.1 Record Formats
14.1.1 Fixed-Length Records
14.1.2 Variable-Length Records
14.1.3 Stream Records
14.2 File Organizations
14.2.1 Terminal-Format Files
14.2.2 Sequential Files
14.2.3 Relative Files
14.2.4 Indexed Files
14.2.5 Virtual Files
14.3 Record Access and Record Context
14.4 I/O and Record Buffers
14.5 Accessing the Contents of a Record
14.5.1 MAP Statement
14.5.2 MAP DYNAMIC and REMAP Statements
14.5.3 MOVE Statement
14.6 File and Record Operations
14.6.1 Opening Files
14.6.2 Creating Virtual Array Files
14.6.3 Locating Records
14.6.4 Reading Records
14.6.5 Writing Records
14.6.6 Deleting Records
14.6.7 Updating Records
14.6.8 Controlling Record Access
14.6.9 Gaining Access to Locked Records
14.6.10 Accessing Records by Record File Address
14.6.11 Transferring Data to Terminal-Format Files
14.6.12 Resetting the File Position
14.6.13 Truncating Files
14.6.14 Renaming Files
14.6.15 Closing Files and Ending I/O
14.6.16 Deleting Files
14.7 File-Related Functions
14.7.1 FSP$ Function
14.7.2 RECOUNT Function
14.7.3 STATUS, VMSSTATUS, and RMSSTATUS Functions
14.8 OPEN Statement Options
14.8.1 BUCKETSIZE Clause
14.8.2 BUFFER Clause
14.8.3 CONNECT Clause
14.8.4 CONTIGUOUS Clause
14.8.5 DEFAULTNAME Clause
14.8.6 EXTENDSIZE Clause
14.8.7 FILESIZE Clause
14.8.8 NOSPAN Clause
14.8.9 RECORDTYPE Clause
14.8.10 TEMPORARY Clause
14.8.11 USEROPEN Clause
14.8.12 WINDOWSIZE Clause
15 Formatting Output with the PRINT USING Statement
15.1 Overview of the PRINT USING Statement
15.2 Using Format Strings
15.3 Printing Numbers
15.3.1 Specifying the Number of Digits
15.3.2 Specifying Decimal Point Location
15.3.3 Printing Numbers with Special Symbols
15.3.3.1 Commas
15.3.3.2 Asterisk-Fill Fields
15.3.3.3 Currency Symbols
15.3.3.4 Negative Fields
15.3.3.5 E (Exponential) Format
15.3.3.6 Leading Zeros
15.3.3.7 Blank-If-Zero Fields
15.3.3.8 Debits and Credits
15.4 Printing Strings
15.4.1 Left-Justified Format
15.4.2 Right-Justified Format
15.4.3 Centered Fields
15.4.4 Extended Fields
15.5 PRINT USING Statement Error Conditions
16 Handling Run-Time Errors
16.1 Default Error Handling
16.2 User-Supplied Error Handlers
16.2.1 Protected Regions
16.2.2 Handlers
16.2.3 Exiting from Handlers
16.2.3.1 RETRY Statement
16.2.3.2 CONTINUE Statement
16.2.3.3 EXIT HANDLER Statement
16.2.4 Selecting the Severity of Errors to Handle
16.2.5 Identifying Errors
16.2.5.1 Determining the Error Number (ERR)
16.2.5.2 Determining the Error Line Number (ERL)
16.2.5.3 Determining Where the Error Occurred (ERN$)
16.2.5.4 Determining the Error Message Text (ERT$)
16.2.5.5 Determining OpenVMS Error Information
16.2.5.6 Determining RMS Error Information
16.2.6 Ctrl/C Trapping
16.2.7 Handling Errors in Multiple-Unit Programs
16.2.8 Forcing Errors
16.3 Using the ON ERROR Statements
17 Compiler Directives
17.1 Overview of Compiler Directives
17.2 Controlling the Compilation Listing
17.2.1 %TITLE and %SBTTL Directives
17.2.2 %IDENT Directive
17.2.3 %PAGE Directive
17.2.4 %LIST and %NOLIST Directives
17.2.5 %CROSS and %NOCROSS Directives
17.3 Accessing External Source Files
17.4 Controlling Compilation
17.4.1 %LET Directive
17.4.2 %VARIANT Directive
17.4.3 %ABORT Directive
17.4.4 %PRINT Directive
17.4.5 %IF-%THEN-%ELSE-%END %IF Directive
17.4.6 %DEFINE and %UNDEFINE Directives
17.5 Record Dependency Relationships in CDD/Repository
18 Data Representation
18.1 Integer Format
18.1.1 Byte-Length Integer Format
18.1.2 Word-Length Integer Format
18.1.3 Longword Integer Format
18.2 Real Number Format
18.2.1 SINGLE Floating-Point Number Format (F_floating)
18.2.2 DOUBLE Floating-Point Number Format (D_floating)
18.2.3 GFLOAT Floating-Point Number Format (G_floating)
18.2.4 HFLOAT Floating-Point Number Format (H_floating)-VAX BASIC Only
18.3 Packed Decimal Number Format
18.4 String and Array Descriptor Format
18.4.1 Fixed-Length String Descriptor Format
18.4.2 Dynamic String Descriptor Format
18.5 Array Descriptors
18.6 Decimal Scalar String Descriptor (Packed Decimal String Descriptor)
Part III Using BASIC Features on OpenVMS Systems
19 Advanced File Input and Output
19.1 RMS I/O to Magnetic Tape
19.1.1 Allocating and Mounting a Tape
19.1.2 Opening a Tape File for Output
19.1.3 Opening a Tape File for Input
19.1.4 Positioning a Tape
19.1.5 Writing Records to a File
19.1.6 Reading Records from a File
19.1.7 Controlling Tape Output Format
19.1.8 Rewinding a Tape
19.1.9 Closing a File
19.2 Device-Specific I/O
19.2.1 Device-Specific I/O to Unit Record Devices
19.2.2 Device-Specific I/O to Magnetic Tape Devices
19.2.2.1 Allocating and Mounting a Tape
19.2.2.2 Opening a Tape File for Output
19.2.2.3 Opening a Tape File for Input
19.2.2.4 Writing Records to a File
19.2.2.5 Reading Records from a File
19.2.2.6 Rewinding a Tape
19.2.2.7 Closing a Tape
19.2.3 Device-Specific I/O to Disks
19.2.3.1 Assigning and Mounting a Disk
19.2.3.2 Opening a Disk File for Output
19.2.3.3 Opening a Disk File for Input
19.2.3.4 Writing Records to a Disk File
19.2.3.5 Reading Records from a Disk File
19.3 I/O to Mailboxes
19.4 Network I/O
19.4.1 Remote File Access
19.4.2 Task-to-Task Communication
19.4.3 Accessing a VAX Rdb/VMS Database
20 Using BASIC in the Common Language Environment
20.1 Specifying Parameter-Passing Mechanisms
20.1.1 Passing Parameters by Reference
20.1.2 Passing Parameters by Descriptor
20.1.3 Passing Parameters by Value
20.1.4 BASIC Default Parameter-Passing Mechanisms
20.1.5 Creating Local Copies
20.2 Calling External Routines
20.2.1 Determining the Type of Call
20.2.2 Declaring an External Routine and Its Arguments
20.2.3 Calling the Routine
20.3 Calling BASIC Subprograms from Other Languages
20.4 Calling System Routines
20.4.1 OpenVMS Run-Time Library Routines
20.4.2 System Service Routines
20.4.3 System Routine Arguments
20.4.4 Including Symbolic Definitions
20.4.5 Condition Values
20.5 Examples of Calling System Routines
20.6 The OpenVMS Calling Standard
20.7 Additional Information
21 Libraries and Shareable Images
21.1 Overview of Libraries
21.2 System-Supplied Libraries
21.3 Creating User-Supplied Object Module Libraries
21.3.1 Accessing User-Supplied Object Module Libraries in the BASIC Environment
21.3.2 Accessing User-Supplied Object Module Libraries at DCL Level
21.4 Shareable Images
21.4.1 Accessing Shareable Images in the BASIC Environment
21.4.2 Accessing Shareable Images at DCL Level
22 Using CDD/Repository with BASIC
22.1 Overview of CDD/Repository
22.2 CDD/Repository Concepts
22.2.1 Dictionary Formats
22.2.2 Dictionary Path Names
22.2.3 Dictionary Entities
22.2.4 Dictionary Relationships
22.2.5 Extracting CDD/Repository Data Definitions
22.3 Using CDD/Repository with BASIC
22.3.1 /DEPENDENCY_DATA Qualifier
22.3.2 Creating Relationships with Included Record Definitions
22.4 Creating Relationships for Referenced Dictionary Entities
22.5 Specifying a CDD History List Entry
22.6 CDD/Repository Arrays
22.7 CDD/Repository Variants
22.8 NAME FOR BASIC Clause
22.9 CDD/Repository Data Types
22.9.1 Character String Data Types
22.9.2 Integer Data Types
22.9.3 Floating-Point Data Types
22.9.4 Decimal String Data Types
22.9.5 Other Data Types
23 Using DECwindows Motif Bindings with BASIC
23.1 Overview of DECwindows Motif Concepts
23.2 Using DECwindows Motif Bindings with BASIC
23.3 DECwindows Motif Programming Examples Using BASIC
23.4 Special Considerations for Handling Strings with DECwindows Motif
A Compile-Time Error Messages
A.1 Compile-Time Errors
B Run-Time Error Messages
B.1 BASIC Run-Time Errors by Mnemonic
B.2 BASIC Run-Time Errors by Number
B.3 Errors Not Generated by BASIC
C Optional Programming Productivity Tools
C.1 DEC Language-Sensitive Editor (LSE) and Source Code Analyzer (SCA)
C.1.1 Preparing an SCA Library
C.1.2 Compiling from within LSE
C.1.3 BASIC Support for LSE and SCA Features
C.1.3.1 Programming Language Placeholders and Tokens
C.1.3.2 Placeholder and Design Comment Processing
C.2 CDD/Repository
C.3 DEC Database Management System (DEC DBMS)
C.4 VAX DEC/Test Manager
C.5 VAX DEC/Code Management System (CMS)